[Application of PCR method in specific identification of Fusarium solani in HIV positive patients]

Fusarium solani is the common etiological agent of fungemia and disseminated fusariosis, which is associated with high incidence of mortality in immune-compromised host. Due to high level of resistance of antifungals in Fusarium solani, rapid and specific identification of organism is essential. This study was done to evaluate the PCR method for rapid and specific diagnosis of Fusarium solani in serum samples of HIV positive patients. In this descriptive study, the PCR test based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene as the target gene with 330 bp product was optimized. PCR was applied on 45 serum samples of HIV positive patients after evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of the test. In the optimized PCR test, the 330 bp product was amplified. The sensitivity of the test was a copy of Fusarium solani genome, and its specificity was 100%. Among 45 serum samples, 9 cases [20%] were positive for Fusarium solani. The PCR method has functional capabilities for direct, rapid and specific clinical diagnosis of Fusarium solani in HIV positive patients

[Antimicrobial resistance of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheal children in Zanjan during / 2012-13]

Background: Enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC] is the predominant cause of infant diarrhea worldwide and represents a major endemic health threat to children living in developing countries. The increase in antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria, especially in children, is considered as one of the world's health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance in EPEC which isolated from children with diarrhea admitted to the hospital in Zanjan.

Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 450 stool specimens were collected from children with diarrhea <5 years of age who referred to hospitals in Zanjan during 2012-2013. After culture and verifying of isolates by biochemical tests, Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the disk diffusion method [Bauer-Kirby] as recommended by CLSI to 13 antibiotics. Using PCR with specific primer pair's for eaeA gene, we detected EPEC in diarrheal and control samples.

Results: From 450 children with diarrhea in this study, 140 [31.1%] isolates of E. coli were identified. The frequency of EPEC isolated were 13.6% [19 isolates]. The most prevalent resistance profile were showed for erythromycin [100%], amoxicillin and co-amoxiclav 89/47%, respectively. Imipenem was found as an effective antibiotic with susceptibility rate of 84.21%. Also 90.6% of isolates were resistant to three or more agents and considered as Multidrug resistance [MDR].

Conclusion: The results showed increase in profile for antibiotic resistance. Therefore it suggest that application of antibiogram test is necessary before antibiotic prescription for successful treatment and prevention of diarrhea caused by multi-drug resistance agents.

Effect of Thymus vulgaris, Myrtus communis and nystatin on Candida albicans

Candida albicans is the most frequent etiological agent of oral candidiasis. This study was done to compare the anticandidal effect of Thymus vulgaris and Myrtus communis to nystatin on Candida albicans. In this laboratory study thirty-two strains of Candida albicans isolated from patients with oral candidiasis. Yeast suspension of Candida yeast cells was provided, subsquntly a serial dilution from Thymus vulgaris and Myrtus communis and Nystatin in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar [SDA] medium were prepared. Then a loop of Candida suspension was cultured on all of the solid media and was incubated at 25°C. The findings of fungus growing were recorded during 7 days. MIC of Thymus vulgaris, Myrtus communis L, mix of these essences and Nystatin was 0.390 microl/ml, 12.5 microl/ml, 0.78 microl/ml and 160 IU/ml, respectively. Thymus vulgaris contained antifungal activity against Candida albicans, but Myrtus communis demonstrated a very low activity against Candida albicans

Isolation, molecular identification and evaluation of antifungal effects of the bacilli isolated from rhizospheric soil of gorgan region against tricopfifton mentegrqp aytes

Soil bacteria, particularly Bacillus genus have the potential of producing a range of bioactive substances with antimicrobial and antifungal properties. They have the ability to produce hundreds of active and effective biologic compound against microorganisms. Therefore, it seems to be a proper candidate in the biocontrol of fungal pathogenesis. In this study, soil samples were collected from different parts of Gorgan in order to isolate Bacillus and to determine their antifungal activity against T.mentagrophytes. The isolates that had the highest antifungal effects were analyzed by PCR and 16 srRNA sequencing. Of 54 strains, 14 have antifungal activity. The Isolates, S4 and SI2, identified as B.cereus and B.thuringiensis respectively show the highest antidermatofit effect. These isolates based on 16s rRNA sequence analysis show 97% honiology with Bacillus cereusstrain KU4 and Bacillus thurmgienslsstrain ucsc 27. According to the results, it seems that the soil Bacilli have biocontrol potential against dermatophytic agents such as T.mentagrophytes

Antimicrobial effect of Zataria multiflora on antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from food

Methicillin -resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA] have created a major problem in the treatment of diseases. MRSA colonization in nose can lead to increased rate of nosocomial infections and mortality. Zataria multiflora is a plant which is widely used in the world for medical purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of zataria multiflora extract on MRSA strains isolated from food. In this in vitro study the antimicrobial effect of Shirazi Zataria multiflora extract on MRSA and other staphylococci aureus strains resistant to tetracycline,erithromycine,trimethoprim,sulfamethoxazol,and methiclline, together with its MIC and MBC were determined. Shirazi zataria multiflora, had a significant affects against MRSA, and other Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, tetracycline,erithromycine,trimethoprim,and sulfametoxazol ,isolated from food. Production of a suitable herbal medicine with few side effects will give rise to a promising out-look in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

[Effect of low - level helium-neon laser irradiation on the release of interleukin 6 and basic fibroblast growth factor from cultured human fibroblasts in high glucose medium]

Low level laser therapy is suggested as a new therapeutic method in diabetic wound healing. This survey aimed to evaluate the effects of low level laser on human fibroblasts cultured in high glucose cultures. The human skin fibroblasts were cultured under standard condition. The cells were cultured in high glucose culture medium [15mM/L] for a week and two weeks before laser irradiation. The irradiation was carried out with Helium-Neon [He-Ne] laser unit on the case groups. Control cells did not receive laser. The cells were irradiated with three doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 J/cm2 on three consecutive days. The releasing rates of Interleukin 6 and Fibroblast growth factor were evaluated by ELISA [enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay]. Data were analyzed by student t test or Mann-Whitney-U test. All three doses of 0.5 [p=0.049], 1 J/cm2 [p=0.027] had a stimulatory effect on releasing rate of IL-6 of the fibroblasts cultured in culture medium with high glucose concentration in comparison with hyper glycemic non irradiated cells. Low level laser therapy [LLLT] with energy density of 2 J/cm2 induced the release of bFGF of the fibroblasts cultured in culture medium with high glucose concentration for one and two weeks [p=0.047 and p=0.04 respectively]. This study showed that LLLT has stimulatory effects on the release of Interleukin 6 and basic fibroblast growth factor from cultured human fibroblasts in high glucose medium in one week and two-week tests

[Evaluating the effects of pentoxifylline administration on experimental pressure sore in rats by biomechanical examinations]

The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of pentoxifylline administration on wound healing process of an experimental pressure sore in rat by biomechanical evaluating method. In ten adult male rats under general anesthesia and sterile conditions one experimental pressure sore by no20Halsted mosquito forceps were made. A double layer folded skin of dorsal region were held under most pressure grade of the forceps for 2 hours. It was followed by 30 minutes[the skin] relaxation. This procedure was repeated for 12 times during three consecutive days. Seven days later pressure sore was made. Rats were divided into control and experimental groups. Pentoxifylline was injected intraperitonealy at a dose of 50mg/kg daily from beginning of pressure sore for twenty days. After these procedures rats were killed by chloroform, and samples were extracted from the wound and surrounding skin. Samples were biomechamcally examined by a material testing instrument and maximum stress [N/mm[2]] work up to maximum force [Nmm]. The young modulus of elasticity [N/mm] were them calculated. In experimental group maximum stress [2.05 +/- 0.15] and work up to maximum force [63.75 +/- 4.97] were significantly higher than those of control group[1.3 +/- 0.27] and[43.3 +/- 14.96] [p-0.002 and p=0.035 relatively]. Pentoxifylline administration in rats which had an experimental pressure sore significantly accelerated wound healing process compared to those of control group which was observed by biomechanical examination

[In vitro antifungal effect of Thymus vulgaris essence on Candida albicans isolated from patients with oral candidiasis]

Background and aims: Candida albicans is the most common etiologic agent of diseases caused by yeasts of Candida genus. The treatment of these infections is necessary because they may spread in neutropenic and immunosuppressed patients. Fungi resistance to some antifungal drugs is being increased. In addition, many of these drugs are toxic and expensive. Therefore, the study of natural plant products which can be effective against these fungi is necessary. Among the plants which have shown in vitro efficient biologic activity, is Thymus vulgaris. Thus the aim of this research was to study the inhibitory effect of Thymus vulgaris essence on of Candida albicans growth

Methods: In this research, fifty patients with oral candidiasis were studied. The obtained swab samples were cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar supplemented with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol [SCC] medium, finally with performance of supplementary tests. 32 isolates were recognized as Candida albicans. Then we added Thymus vulgaris essence to SCC medium in different concentrations and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] of the essence was accounted for different suspension dilutions of Candida albicans

Results: The MIC of the Thymus vulgaris essence for the dilutions of 100, 10-1 and 10-2 of Candida albicans was 0.390micro l/ medium and for dilutions of 10[-3] and 10[-4] were 0.195 and 0.0975 micro l/ medium

Conclusion: The Thymus vulgaris essence has a very good antifungal effect against Candida albicans so that low amounts it can inhibit Candida albicans growth

[Effect of low - level helium - neon laser irradiation on proliferation rate of cultured human fibroblasts in high glucose medium]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low level laser on human fibroblasts which were cultured in high glucose cultures. The human skin fibroblasts were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium [DMEM] in a humidified air-5% CO[2] atmosphere. The cells were cultured. Irradiation was carried out with Helium-Neon [He-Ne] laser unit with power output of 1.5 mW and the diameter of irradiating beam of 1.7 cm on the case groups. In the next step the cells were cultured in high glucose culture medium [15mM/L] for one week before laser irradiation. The irradiation was carried out with the same laser unit with power output of 1.5 mW and the diameter of irradiating beam of 1.7 cm on the case groups. Control cells did not receive laser. The cells were irradiated with three doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 J/cm[2] on three consecutive days. Cell proliferation was evaluated by dimethylthiazol-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] assay. Data were analyzed by student t test or Mann-Whitney-U test. Laser treatments of 0.5 [p-value=0.002] and 1 [p-value=0.046] had a stimulatory effect and three irradiations of 2 J/cm[2] had a negative effect [p-value=0.011] on proliferation rate of fibroblasts which were cultured in normal culture medium compared to non irradiated cells. All three doses of 0.5 [p-value=0.042], 1 [p-value=0.00] and 2 J/cm[2] [p-value=0.00] had a stimulatory effect on proliferation rate of fibroblasts which were cultured in culture medium with high glucose concentration [15mM/L] in comparison with hyper glycemic non irradiated cells. Low level laser irradiation with helium-neon unit on cultured human fibroblasts in normal and high glucose mediums increased their growth and proliferation

[ comparative study of an experimental model of tendon healing process between healthy rats and streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats by a biomechanical evaluating method]

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the healing process of repaired Achilles tendons of healthy rats and streptozotocin induced diabetic [STZ-D] rats by evaluating strength and toughness of repaired tendons via tensiometrical test. 14 healthy male adult rat were divided into control [n=6] and experimental rats [n=8]. Type 1 diabetes was induced in experimental rats by an injection of 55 mg/kg STZ intraperitoneally. Control rats were received distilled water. Blood Sugar of all rats was recorded after seven days. Animals of experimental group that failed to develop average blood glucose concentration greater than 250mg/dc were excluded from the study. Right Achilles tendon of all rats was transected completely 30 days after STZ injection. Repairing Achilles tendons were extracted and were submitted to a tensiometerical examination10 days after surgery. Data were compared by student t test. Independent sample t test analysis showed that Young's modulus of elasticity [18.5 +/- 12.1MPa/mm] and stress high load [3.04 +/- 1.38, MPa/mm] of control group were significantly higher than those of experimental group [2.5 +/- 2 and 0.975 +/- 0.269 respectively], [p=0.003 and p=0.004 respectively]. It is concluded that induction of type one diabetes by STZ in rats after 30 days reduced significantly tensiometrical parameters of repairing Achilles tendon in comparison with control rats

[Effect of low - level He - Ne laser irradiation on biomechanical property of wound healing process in healthy and streptozotocin induced diabetic rats]

The aim of present investigation was to determine the effects of low-level He-Ne laser therapy on biomechanical property of skin wound of healthy and streptozotocin induced diabetic [STZ-D] rats. The study was performed by experimental method. 36 male adult Wistar rats weighing above 250 gr. were used. Rats were divided equally into control and experimental groups, each group [n=18] were equally divided into 3 subgroups in order to radiate 3 different energy densities of laser. Weight of healthy and diabetic rats were recorded in the beginning and at the end of study. Blood glucose of rats in the beginning of study was recorded and rats with more than 120 mg/dl were excluded from study. Diabetes was induced by one time intra peritoneal injection of 55 mg/kg STZ. After one month, hyperglycemia was established in experimental group. Two 15-mm, vertical incision wounds were made on the dorsum of rats. Three groups of healthy and diabetic rats were received 22.4J/cm[2], 1.2J/cm[2] and 4J/cm[2] energy densities He-Ne laser for two weeks. At the end of study, rats were killed and skin sample were extracted and were submitted to a biomechanical evaluation [maximum force] examination. Data was analyzed by paired student t test methods. Mean value of blood glucose of diabetic rats was 518.37 +/- 23.3. Laser-treated healthy rats with 1.2J/cm[2] energy density showed significant increase of maximum force [p=0.05]. Laser-treated diabetic rats with 4J/cm[2] energy density showed significant increase of maximum force [p=0.05]. It seems ideal parameters for effectiveness of Low- Level He-Ne laser in healthy and diabetic rats are different. Wounds of diabetic rats should be radiated with more energy density of low- level laser for accelerating wound healing process in comparison with healthy rats

[Study of antistreptolysin O [ASO] titer in patients suspected to rheumatic fever in Zanjan]

Rheumatic fever is a main problem of developing countries, whereas in developed countries its prevalence is low. Proper diagnosis and adequate treatment of beta streptococcal infection can effectively prevent such unwanted sequel. Following completion of a questionnaire regarding age, sex, location etc. blood sample was collected and ASO titer was measured. Out of 400 samples, 54 patients had positive ASO titer. 83.3% of individuals with a positive titer had the history of pharyngitis. Positive ASO titers in rural and urban area were 19% and 11.6% respectively. Positive ASO titer in females and males were 68.5% and 31.5% respectively. Age distribution of positive titer was 42.6% in 20-29 years age group and 37% in 10-19 years age groups. patients with positive ASO titer in Zanjan province and surrounding villages were relatively high which might be due to low education level and poor economical status. The incidence was high in the second and the third decade of life whereas in other countries this range is between 6-15 years. High incidence of rheumatic fever in the studying population seeks a prompt measure to be taken on the prevention and control of streptococcal infection

[ Rare Variation of Right Subclavian Artery Origin from Posterior Surface of Aortic Arch]

Several variations of aortic arch have been reported yet. In present study another variation of aoictic arch was reported. Right subclavian artery arises from posterior surface of the distal end of the aortic arch we present a variation of an aorticarch in which right subclavian artery arises from posterior surface of the distal end of the aortic arch and passing behind esophagus to reach right side of neck. Conclusion: Review of literature showed that regarding origin of the artery this variation was reported for tile first time by the authors It seems that the artery narrowed the position the esophagus However there were not any other sign of side effect on anatomical structure and of their blood supply

Evaluation of administration of Chlorhexidine rinse and antibiotic in decreaseof mandibular third molar post extraction complications

Patients are faced with some complications after third molar extraction. Considering this fact, some techniques are developed to reduce these complications, such as, Chlorhexidine rinse and antibiotic usage. Considering the importance of these complications, this study was conducted for the evaluation of Chlorhexidine rinse and antibiotic usage to reduce post extraction complications of m and ibular third molar in Tehran University Dental School. The study was a r and omized double - blind experimental one. The study cases were assigned to three groups, using Penicillin V [2 gr.], Chlorhexidine rinse using and control group. The opening range of jaw and special distances in the face were measured before surgery, 48 hours and one week later. The statistical tests used were Kruskal - wallis and Mann - whitney U. Penicillin V and Chlorhexidine rinse had no effect on infection, trismus, swelling and dysfunction 7 days after extraction. Chlorhexidine rinse reduced swelling at 48 hours after extraction only, meanwhile the effect of Chlorhexidine rinse and Penicillin V on swelling after 48 hours differed significantly [P<0.01]. The study confirmed the positive effect of Chlorhexidine rinse on removing swelling at 48 hours after extraction of m and ibular third molar, but it had not any effect on other complications. The group using Penicillin V did not show any decrease in post surgical complications

Social health of 7-11 years old children living in foster care centers

Nowadays, one of main and critical subject is preparation of a healthy and fair environment for children who are biggest national sources in every society, because, factors that disturb children living environment can affect children's health. Some problems such as families' bad function, abuse, poverty, divorce and parental substance abuse are the reasons usually lead to place children in foster care centers. On the other hand, entry to these foster care centers and living in these centers face children with lot of social and health problems. In regard to this issue for assessing social health status of 7-11 years children living in foster care centre in Tehran, we performed a cross sectional study with 105 children [57 boy, 48 girl]. In this research, sampling was of census type and information about children social health was obtained through Vienland Adoptive Behavior Scale by guardians who recognized these children and their behavior. Results showed that 45.7% of participants in this research were considered as moderate regarding social health, and 19.1% were considered as poor. Chi-square test also showed that between social health and sex [p=0.053] was a statistically significant relationship, but there was no significant relationship between social health and age [p=0.462] and social health with duration of stay in these centers. While children in foster care centers are one of the high risk groups in societies related to their social health status, based on findings of current study and results of researches in other countries, full attention should be directed towards social health of children and conducting more studies is recommended to survey factors that affect their social health

Behavioral problems of children at age of 7-11 years old in foster care centers

Every year, thousands of children admitting in Foster Care Centres, because of several reasons. Most children live in foster care centers, as a results of neglect, physical abuse, parental substance abuse, divorce and social-economic poverty. In addition, living in Foster Care Centres cause a lot of health behavioral problems in the children. With regard to this issue, mental health status of 7-11 years old children living in foster care centres in Tehran was assessed. We performed a cross-sectional study with 105 children [57 boy, 48girl] liring in the centers. In this research, the sampling method was census. The required information about children's mental health was obtained by interview of the Child Behavioral Checklist [CBCL] from guardians who recognized these children on the basis of their behaviors. The result showed that the frequency of behavioral problems in these children were as follows: Delinquent [44.8%], externalizing [40%], internalizing [40%], social problems [13.3%] and aggression [11.4%]. Furthermore, the obtained total scores of questionnaire showed that more than 28% of these children had mental health problems. Chi-square test showed that there were significant relationships between attentional problems and mental health with gender. On the basis of these findings and the results of other studies, paying full attention, assessment and further studies on high risk groups of children were recommended

Survey of culture and antibiogram in patients with impetigo

Impetigo is a common infectious skin disease and most commonly occurs in children. Etiologic agents are Staphylococcus aureus or Beta-heamolytic Streptococcus group A or combination of these organisms. Adequacy of treatment is related on sensitivity of bacteria to common prescribed antibiotics. Study of the frequency of bacterial culture results from lesions and antibiograms for four systemic antibiotics cephalexin, erythromycin, cloxacillin and penicillin were assayed. Impetigo cases admitted to the dermatology clinic of Ghaem hospital in Mashhad for one year beginning from June 2001, were studied. These patients had no history of systemic or topical antimicrobial agents application. Results of antibiograms obtained from culture of skin lesions were analyzed with Chi-Square test. Twenty two [88%] patients were younger than 20 years. Twenty one cases [84%] had non bullous impetigo. In 17 [68%] cases lesions were localized on the face. Because of secondary contamination in 3 cases, statistical analysis was performed on 22 cases. The most common bacteria [95.5%] was Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiograms of S.aureus showed complete sensitivity to cephalxin in 85.3%, erythromycin in 63.6%, cloxacillin in 40.9%, and penicillin in 13.6% of cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism in 95.5% of cases and cephalexin was the first choice oral antibiotic followed by erythromycin

[Comparison of O2 saturation, heart and respiratory rate following injection of vasoconstrictor containing anesthetic [lidocaine 2%] and without vasoconstrictor anesthetic [mepivacaine]]

Along with higher usage of dental local anesthesia with risks to people health together with their positive role, the important goal of dentistry, patients' health, has been stressed repeatedly nowadays. This study was conducted to compare O2 saturation, respiratory rate and heart rate of patients following injection of anesthetic containing vasoconstrictor [lidocaine 2%] and without vasoconstrictor [Mepivacaine]. This experimental study was conducted on 32 healthy humans [16 females and 16 males] with 25-50 years age range and no history of drug usage. Cases were classified into two matched groups. O2 saturation, heart and respiratory rate were recorded before extraction of a mandibular posterior tooth. In the first group, 3.6 ml lidocaine 2% with 1:80,000 epinephrine and in the second group Mepivacaine 3% was injected, using inferior alveolar dental nerve block with aspiration. Variables were measured and recorded. Tooth extraction was performed and the mentioned variables were recorded again. Data were analyzed with SPSS software using t and Paired t-test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. After injection of lidocaine, the heart rate was increased [12.25 +/- 1.75 bpm], and the time to reach the maximum rate was 64.75 +/- 11.26 seconds. After extraction of tooth, heart rate in both groups was increased not considering the type of injection. The study showed that the injection of lidocaine [containing epinephrine] in patients without contraindication has no risk. Also, possible increase in heart rate is not risky and is not associated with O2 saturation decrease and respiratory interruption